ABSTRACT. Asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) is the main disease that affects soybean in Brazil. Fungicide applications are the main control method, but they can be influenced by the occurrence of rain. We aimed to study the control of Asian soybean rust in response to the occurrence of simulated rainfall at different times after fungicide application. The penetrant fungicides trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole (60 + 70 g a.i. ha-1) and azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupyr (60 + 30 g a.i. ha-1) and the nonpenetrant fungicides mancozeb (1,500 g a.i. ha-1), chlorothalonil (1,440 g a.i. ha-1), and copper oxychloride (672 g a.i. ha-1) were tested using two spray volumes: 70 and 150 L ha-1. Rain was simulated from 30 to 240 minutes after fungicide application. Soybean leaflets were collected and inoculated with a spore suspension of P. pachyrhizi (5.0 x 104 mL-1) and incubated in plastic boxes for 20 days. The trials were repeated twice. Nonpenetrant fungicides were more susceptible to rain washing, mainly when the 70 L ha-1 spray volume was used. For the penetrative fungicides, the best control percentages were obtained when the rainfall occurred between 120 and 180 minutes after application, while the protective fungicides had the best control percentages when the rainfall occurred approximately 240 minutes after application. The Asian rust control is affected by the characteristics of the fungicide applied, by the time interval between fungicide application and rain occurrence and by the spray volume.

RESUMO: A ferrugem-asiática da soja é uma das doenças mais destrutivas que ocorre na cultura. Seu controle é baseado, principalmente, na aplicação de fungicidas. O objetivo foi avaliar a sensibilidade de isolados de P. pachyrhizi a fungicidas. Os ensaios foram realizados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis repetições. Por meio de teste de folíolos destacados de soja, foram avaliadas as sensibilidades de doze isolados do fungo a fungicidas sítio-específicos e multissítios, nas concentrações de 0,1; 1,0; 10,0 e 100,0 mg L-1, mais uma testemunha sem fungicida (0,0 mg L-1). Os folíolos de soja foram imersos nas devidas soluções fungicida, dispostos em câmaras úmidas em caixas gerbox e inoculados com as devidas suspensões de esporos de P. pachyhrizi (5,0x104 uredosporos mL-1). As caixas foram incubadas durante 20 dias, em temperatura de 23 oC e fotoperíodo de 12 h. Em seguida, avaliou-se o número de urédias cm-2 da face abaxial de cada folíolo. Os ingredientes ativos protioconazol, trifloxistrobina, fluxapiroxade, trifloxistrobina + protioconazol, trifloxistrobina + bixafem + protioconazol, azoxistrobina + benzovindiflupir e azoxistrobina + benzovindiflupir + difenoconazol foram altamente fungitóxicos para a maioria dos isolados, com CE50 menor do que 1,0 mg L-1. Difenoconazol, azoxistrobina e fenpropimorfe foram considerados medianamente fungitóxicos para nove dos doze isolados, com CE50 entre 1 e 10 mg L-1. Os multissítios mancozebe e oxicloreto de cobre apresentaram respostas de CE50 classificadas como pouco tóxicas para os doze isolados do fungo e o clorotalonil para oito deles (CE50 entre 10 e 50 mg L-1). Os fungicidas sítio-específico apresentaram alta a moderada fungitoxicidade aos isolados de P. pachyrhizi oriundos dos distintos locais, enquanto os multissítios apresentaram atividade moderada a pouco tóxica.

ABSTRACT: Asian soybean rust is one of the most destructive diseases that can be found in this crop. It can be largely controlled by fungicide application. The objective was to assess the sensitivity of P. pachyrhizi isolates to fungicides. The tests were performed in a completely randomized design, with six replicates. The sensitivity of twelve isolates to site-specific and multisite fungicides at concentrations of 0.1; 1.0; 10.0, and 100.0 mg L-1, plus a control with absence of fungicide (0.0 mg L-1) was assessed. Soybean leaflets were immersed in the appropriate fungicide solutions, disposed in wet chambers in plastic boxes, and inoculated using each uredinia suspension of P. pachyhrizi (5.0 x 104 uredospores mL-1), separately. Boxes were incubated for 20 days at a temperature of 23°C and a 12-hour photoperiod. Next, the number of uredinia per cm2 on the abaxial face of each leaflet was evaluated. The active ingredients prothioconazole, trifloxystrobin, fluxapiroxade, trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole, trifloxystrobin + bixafen + prothioconazole, azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupyr, and azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupyr + diphenoconazole were highly fungitoxic for the majority of the isolates, with EC50 lower than 1.0 mg L-1. Diphenoconazole, azoxystrobin, and fenpropimorph were considered moderately fungitoxic for nine of the twelve isolates, with EC50 between 1 and 10 mg L-1. The multisites mancozeb and copper oxychloride presented EC50 responses classified as low toxic for the twelve isolates and eight for chlorothalonil (EC50 between 10 mg L-1 and 50 mg L-1). Site-specific fungicides showed high-to-moderate fungitoxicity to P. pachyrhizi isolates, even as the multisites presented moderate-to-less toxic activity.

RESUMO A giberela é considerada uma doença de difícil controle, num cenário de dificuldades no seu controle químico e pela agressividade do patógeno em produzir toxinas. Diante disso, o objetivo do estudo foi verificar se fungicidas de distintos grupos químicos, isolados ou em mistura são eficazes no controle de giberela e na redução da contaminação de desoxinivalenol (DON) em grãos de trigo. Além disso, avaliar se a piraclostrobina isolada, altera a intensidade de giberela, o acúmulo de DON com reflexo no rendimento. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no campo, com delineamento de blocos ao acaso, contendo 11 tratamentos e quatro repetições, utilizando a cultivar TBIO Toruk. Os tratamentos foram compostos por fungicidas triazol, estrobilurina e benzimidazol isoladamente, além da mistura comercial de triazol + estrobilurina. Realizou-se duas aplicações dos fungicidas durante o florescimento da cultura. Avaliou-se a intensidade da giberela, eficácia do controle, contaminação de DON e o rendimento de grãos. Os dados foram submetidos à análise da variância (F-Teste a 5%) e a comparação de médias pelo teste de Scott-Knott, a 5%. O carbendazim isoladamente, foi o mais eficiente no controle nos dois anos estudados (67 e 75%, respectivamente), distinguindo-se do metconazol e da piraclostrobina. A utilização de piraclostrobina em diferentes doses e estádios de aplicação alteraram a intensidade da giberela, a contaminação de DON e o rendimento de grãos do trigo.

ABSTRACT Fusarium head blight (FHB) is considered a disease of difficult control in a scenery of obstacles for its chemical control and due to the aggressiveness of its pathogen in producing toxins. Thus, the objective of this study was to verify if fungicides of different chemical groups, alone or in combination, are effective in controlling fusarium head blight and reducing deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination in wheat grains. In addition, pyraclostrobin alone was evaluated for possible changes on fusarium head blight intensity and DON accumulation reflecting on the yield. The experiments were conducted in the field, in a randomized block design, containing 11 treatments and four replicates, using the cultivar TBIO Toruk. The treatments were composed of the fungicides triazole, strobilurin and benzimidazole alone, besides the commercial mixture of triazole + strobilurin. Two fungicide applications were performed during the crop flowering. Fusarium head blight intensity, control efficacy, DON contamination and grain yield were evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (F-Test at 5%) and means were compared according to Scott-Knott test, at 5%. Carbendazim alone presented greater control efficacy in the two studied years (67% and 75%, respectively), differing from metconazole and pyraclostrobin. Pyraclostrobin at different doses and application stages changed fusarium head blight intensity, DON contamination and wheat grain yield.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito de diferentes volumes de calda e de doses de fungicidas no controle da ferrugem-asiática da soja (FAS). Os ensaios foram conduzidos no campo e em laboratório, durante 2014 e 2016. Variou-se a dose (45 + 52,5, 60 + 70 e 75 + 87,5 g i.a. ha-1 para a mistura de trifloxistrobina + protioconazol e 45 + 22,5, 60 + 30 and 75 + 37,5 g i.a. ha-1 de azoxistrobina + benzovindiflupir) e o volume de calda (100, 150 e 200 L ha-1) na aplicação de fungicidas sobre plantas de soja no campo. Também foi realizado ensaio em laboratório com uso das doses recomendadas dos fungicidas trifloxistrobina + protioconazol (60 + 70 g i.a. ha-1) e azoxistrobina + benzovindiflupir (60 + 30 g i.a ha-1). O volume de calda de 200 L ha-1 resultou no melhor controle da doença somente na terceira, dentre as três aplicações realizadas no campo (controle entre 68,4% e 70,1%). No entanto, não houve diferença estatística no rendimento de grãos para todos os volumes de calda testados, quando utilizadas as doses recomendadas (3422, 3526 and 3601 kg ha-1) e as doses superiores a ela (3529, 3586 and 3550 kg ha-1). A redução na dose de fungicida resultou diretamente na redução do controle da FAS para ambos os ensaios (20 a 39% no campo e até 71,4% em laboratório).

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to assess the effect of different spray volumes and fungicide rates on Asian soybean rust control. Experiments were conducted in the field and in the laboratory during 2014 and 2016. We varied the fungicide rates (45 + 52.5, 60 + 70 and 75 + 87.5 g a.i. ha-1 for the mixture trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole, and 45 + 22.5, 60 + 30 and 75 + 37.5 g a.i. ha-1 for azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupyr) and the spray volume (100, 150 and 200 L ha-1) for application on soybean plants in the field. Another experiment was conducted in the laboratory, using the recommended rates of the fungicides trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole (60 + 70 g a.i. ha-1) and azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupyr (60 + 30 g a.i. ha-1). The spray volume of 200 L ha-1 resulted in the best disease control only for the third out of three applications carried out in the field (control between 68.4% and 70.1%). However, there was no statistical difference in grain yield for all tested spray volumes when we used the recommended fungicide rates (3422, 3526 and 3601 kg ha-1) or higher rates (3529, 3586 and 3550 kg ha-1). The decrease in the fungicide rate directly implied reduced rust control for both experiments (20 to 39% in the field and up to 71.4% in the laboratory).

ABSTRACT Product deposition and foliar surface cover are highly impacting factors on the efficiency of foliar fungicides applied to soybean cultivars, due to their low mobility, with side effects on Asian soybean rust (ASR) control. Spray bar support systems, such as the air curtain (Vortex®) and the use of nozzles along the bar (Dropleg®), stand out as an alternative to obtain a better distribution of fungicide throughout the plant. In this study, two spray bar support systems (Vortex® and Dropleg®) were, therefore, evaluated and compared with the conventional spraying method based on the biological efficacy in ASR control. In order to do this, two harvests, with three spacing between rows and two cultivars were employed. Vortex® and Dropleg® spray bar support mechanisms do not effectively contribute to the optimization of Asian soybean rust control or to the grain crop yield, regardless of cultivar and row spacing. Decreasing the row spacing did not influence the level of control of Asian soybean rust, as the highest grain yield was obtained with the smallest spacing. The cultivar with genetic resistance to Asian rust showed lower levels of this disease, thus, greater control against the use of fungicides.

ABSTRACT Maintaining homogeneity in the distribution of fungicidal sprays applied throughout the plant, minimizing the variation between the upper and lower third of the plant, is one of the main challenges for application technologies with regard to soybean crops. To increase the deposition and leaf coverage of sprayed compounds, especially in the middle and lower thirds of the plant, we developed and tested alternative assisted boom sprayer systems. In this study, three assisted boom sprayer systems (Vortex®, Dropleg®, and chain curtain) were evaluated, in addition to the conventional system, in terms of the deposition and coverage of the leaf surface they achieved in the upper, middle, and lower thirds of plants using the fluorescent tracer Helios SC 500™. The assisted boom sprayer systems allowed the sprayed mixture to be better distributed throughout the plant. With the conventional spray system (without assitance), the deposition in the upper third was approximately 26 times higher than that in the lower third, whereas with the use of the assisted boom sprayer systems, the difference in deposition between these thirds was 11 times higher. Among the evaluated systems, the Dropleg® system presented the lowest depositional variation, which was only 5.5 times higher in the upper than in the lower third, because of the increased deposition achieved in the lower third of the plant. Leaf coverage varied from 41% to 81% in the upper third, from 24% to 43% in the middle third, and from 4% to 13% in the lower third of the plant. Using the conventional spray system, the leaf surface coverage was approximately 13 times higher in the upper third than in the lower third of the plant, whereas with the use of the assisted boom sprayer systems, especially the Dropleg® system, this variation was reduced by 73%, and the coverage of the upper and lower thirds only differed by 3.5 times. Indeed, the Dropleg® system reached a leaf coverage of close to 13% in the lower third of the plant. The use of assisted boom sprayer systems improved the distribution of the mixture applied throughout the plant, reducing the differences among the thirds of the plant both in the levels of deposition and coverage of the leaf surfaces. The Dropleg® system increased the deposition and leaf coverage in the lower third of the plant the most, facilitating better distribution of the mixture.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a influência do índice de área foliar, volumes de calda e de doses de fungicidas no período de proteção e no controle da ferrugem-asiática-da-soja. Os ensaios foram conduzidos a campo e em laboratório, entre 2014 e 2016. Variou-se a dose e o volume de calda na aplicação de fungicidas sobre plantas de soja com diferentes índices de área foliar. Também foi realizado um ensaio com simulação de chuva em diferentes momentos após a aplicação de fungicidas. O volume de calda e a dose do fungicida devem ser adequados de acordo com o índice de área foliar da cultivar. Quanto mais próximo do momento da aplicação a chuva ocorrer, menor o controle obtido pela aplicação do fungicida. O índice de área foliar, as doses e os volumes de calda influenciam o período de proteção de fungicidas e no controle da ferrugem-asiática-da-soja.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to check the influence of leaf area index, spray volumes and applicable quantities of fungicide during the protection period, and for control of Asian soybean rust. All tests were conducted in the field and in the laboratory between 2014 and 2016. The quantity of fungicide and the spray volume were varied in the application of fungicides on soybean plants with different leaf area index. Rainfall simulation tests were also carried out at different times after application of fungicide. The spray volume and application rate of fungicide should be adequately proportioned according to the leaf area index of the soybean cultivar. The closer to the time of application that the rain occurs, the lower the control obtained by applying the fungicide. The leaf area index, the fungicide application rates, and the spray volumes influenced the protection period of fungicides and the control of Asian soybean rust.

ABSTRACT Application volume, adjuvants that act on the drop surface tension and droplet spectrum are the main factors affecting leaf surface coverage and the spray penetration droplets inside the canopy of the soybean crop, which may have an impact on fungicide efficiency, since those used in the handling of Asian-rust, including those that are absorbed by the plant, present a small displacement from the point of deposition. Thus, it was sought to determine the impacts on the use of the organosilicone surfactant compared to the changes in the spray volumes. For that, five spray volumes and the combination of two adjuvants were compared in randomized blocks with a factorial arrangement 5×2. Reductions in volume negatively impacted the number of drops cm−2 affecting the leaf surface cover which did not exceed 13% in the lower third, in the absence of the surfactant. Also, the reduction in the volume provided decreases in the control of Asian-rust, and the use of surfactant minimized the negative impacts of the disease, reflecting on the index of the leaf area which varied up to 6.5 times on changes in the spray volume, and up to 2.8 times against the use of the surfactant in relation to the mineral oil isolated. Grain yield was negatively affected as reductions in the spray volumes, occurred with less impact when the surfactant was used. Thus, coverage of the leaf surface and the number of drops cm−2 along the plant profile respond to the addition of the surfactant and to the increase of the spray volume, having relation with the control of soybean Asian-rust, and affecting the leaf area index and productivity.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical control of Asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. & P. Syd.) using different tips and spray nozzles under controlled conditions. Rooted trifolia placed inside an acrylic box containing macronutrients, micronutrients and vitamins were treated with epoxiconazol + pyraclostrobin, ciproconazol + azoxystrobin and tebuconazol fungicides. These fungicides were sprayed at a height of 0.5 m with two knapsack sprayers pressurized with CO2 gas (drop generator in four spray tips spaced by 0.5 m from each other) and another rotating nozzle (drop generator through a rotating nozzle). Untreated trifolia were controls. Water sensitive paper was placed next to each acrylic box to obtain median volume diameter (VMD), number of droplets.cm2 and coverage (%). Trifolia were inoculated 24 hours after that these were treated with fungicide, using a spore concentration adjusted to 2 x 104 uredospores.mL1. Then, the number of lesions and uredia.cm-2 in central leaflets were quantified. Lower number of lesions and uredia.cm2 were observed in leaflets treated with two fungicide mixtures using an AIRMIX 11001 tip. A lower VMD was found in leaflets sprayed with the fungicides azoxystrobin + epoxiconazol and tebuconazol, when compared to the leaflets treated with another mixture. The Asian rust control, as well as the number of droplets.cm2 and coverage, seems to be dependent on the interactions among fungicides and tips or nozzles.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o controle químico da ferrugem asiática da soja utilizando diferentes pontas e bicos de pulverização sob condições controladas. Trifolios enraizados colocados dentro de caixas de acrílico contendo macronutrientes, micronutrientes e vitaminas foram tratados com os fungicidas epoxiconazole + piraclostrobina, ciproconazole + azoxistrobina e tebuconazole. Estes fungicidas foram pulverizados a uma altura de 0.5 m, com dois pulverizadores de mochila, um pressurizado com gás CO2 (gerador de gotas em quatro pontas de pulverização espaçadas a 0.5 m entre si) e outro um bico rotativo (gerador de gotas por um bico rotativo). Trifolios não tratados foram utilizados como controles. Papel hidrosensível foi colocado ao lado de cada caixa de acrílico para obter o diâmetro médiano volumétrico (DMV), número de gotas.cm2 e cobertura (%). Os trifólios foram inoculados 24 horas após ser tratados com fungicida, utilizando uma concentração de esporos ajustada a 2x104 uredosporos mL1. Em seguida, foi quantificado o número de lesões e urédia.cm2 no folhíolo central. Foi observado menor número de lesões e urédia.cm2 em folíolos tratados com as duas misturas de fungicidas e a ponta AIRMIX 11001. Menor DMV foi observado em folíolos pulverizados com os fungicidas azoxistrobina + epoxiconazole e tebuconazole, quando comparados aos tratados com a outra mistura. O controle de ferrugem, bem como o número de gotas cm-2 e a cobertura, parecem depender das interações entre fungicidas e pontas ou bicos.

ABSTRACT: The performance of fungicides in controlling Asian soybean rust depends, in part, the spray quality of these products. The market of components to spray offers new types of nozzles which generate droplets with different characteristics. This study aimed to verify whether applications of fungicides with different spray nozzles interfere in soybean rust control. The experiment was conducted in the 2013/2014 harvest. The experimental design was a randomized block with three replications, and compared ten spray nozzles and a control without fungicide application. The applications were made with a backpack sprayer pressurized with CO2, set to apply a spray volume of 150 L ha-1. For the determination of severity four plants per plot were sampled, quantifying in each leaflet the number of uredinia cm-2, which permitted to integrate the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). We concluded that HYPRO GUARDIAN® 120015 Single pre orifice flat spray nozzle, that generates medium size of droplets, provided the lowest AUDPC of soybean rust, as well as the use of fungicide reflected in grain yield, which was on average 288% higher than that obtained by the control without fungicide application.

RESUMO Em ensaios in vitro, foram obtidos os valores da CI50 de oito fungicidas para o controle de Phakopsora pachyrhizi provenientes de Passo Fundo, RS, Ponta Grossa, PR e Primavera do Leste, MT. Diferentes concentrações dos fungicidas foram incorporadas ao meio ágar-extrato de folhas de soja em placas de Petri. Um mL da suspensão de uredosporos de P. pachyrhizi na concentração de 3,0 x 104 uredosporos/mL foi acrescentada a cada placa, para posterior quantificação da viabilidade. Somente a piraclostrobina e a mistura trifloxistrobina + protioconazol apresentaram valores de CI50 inferiores a 1,0 mg/L para todos os isolados testados, demonstrando alta fungitoxicidade. Não houve perda de sensibilidade a nenhum dos fungicidas testados.

ABSTRACT In vitro assays were preformed to obtain the IC50 of eight fungicides against Phakopsora pachyrhizi isolates from Passo Fundo, RS, Ponta Grossa, PR, and Primavera do Leste, MT. Different concentrations of the fungicides were added to Petri dishes containing soybean leaf extract agar medium. One milliliter of P. pachyrhizi uredospore suspension at the concentration of 3.0 x 104 uredospores/mL was added to each dish for subsequent viability quantification. Only pyraclostrobin and the mixture trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole showed IC50 values inferior to 1.0 mg/L for all tested isolates, demonstrating high fungitoxicity. There was not loss of sensitivity to any of the tested fungicides.

RESUMO: A colheita mecânica acarreta danificações nas sementes e pode comprometer sua qualidade. Neste contexto, objetivou-se neste trabalho, diagnosticar e avaliar o efeito de duas colhedoras: uma com sistema de trilha de fluxo axial e outra com sistema de trilha de fluxo tangencial, sob três regulagens de abertura do côncavo (1; 30 e 1 mm, para colhedora de fluxo axial e 3,0; 15 e 3,0 mm, para colhedora de fluxo tangencial) e três rotações do cilindro (1100; 450 e 650 ou 930, dependendo do grau de umidade das sementes de 13,7% e 16,6%, respectivamente, para colhedora de fluxo axial e 1000; 500 e 550 ou 800 rpm, dependente do grau de umidade de 13,7% e 16,6%, respectivamente, para colhedora de fluxo tangencial) sobre a qualidade das sementes da cultivar de soja "ND 4910". Teores de água diferenciados foram obtidos em diferentes horários de colheita. A qualidade da semente foi avaliada pelos testes de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, velocidade de germinação, grau de umidade, porcentagem de pureza e vigor pelo teste de tetrazólio. Independente da colhedora, os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que o dano mecânico foi o que mais reduziu a qualidade das sementes, com 16,6% de grau de umidade, abertura de côncavo de 3 mm (axial) e 1 mm (tangencial) e rotação do cilindro de 1100 rpm (axial) e 1000 (tangencial), ambas com as maiores rotações de cilindro utilizadas.

ABSTRACT: The mechanical harvesting causes injuries on seeds and may affect their quality. Different threshing mechanisms and their adjustments may also affect the intensity of impacts that machines cause on seeds. So, this study aimed at diagnosing and evaluating the effect of two combines: the first one with a threshing system of axial flow and the other one with a threshing system of tangential flow, under adjustments of concave opening (10 mm, 30 mm and 10 mm for a combine with axial flow and 3.0 mm, 15 mm and 3.0 mm for a combine with tangential flow) and three cylinder rotations on the quality of soybean seeds harvested at two moisture contents. Soybean seeds of cultivar 'ND 4910' were harvested at 16.6% moisture (mid-morning) and 13.7% moisture in the afternoon. The seeds quality was evaluated by germination tests, germination speed index (GSI), germination rate, moisture content, percentage of purity and vigor by tetrazolium test. Despite the combine, the results showed that the mechanical injury has most reduced seeds quality, at 16.6% moisture content, concave opening of 30 mm (axial) and 10 mm (tangential) and cylinder rotation of 1100 rpm (axial) and 1000 (tangential), both with the highest rotations used. The combine with tangential flow had the highest degree of seeds purity. When seeds moisture content at harvest was close to 13.7%, there was the highest seed injury, while, at 16.6%, there was the highest number of crushed soybeans, regardless the combine adjustment.

RESUMO Na maioria das regiões produtoras de soja do Brasil, a colheita dessa cultura coincide com um período de escassez de oferta de matéria seca para a alimentação de ruminantes. As empresas produtoras de máquinas agrícolas devem ter a percepção do mercado, observando novas oportunidades e desenvolvendo equipamentos para atender às necessidades de seus clientes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi projetar, construir e testar um equipamento para coletar os resíduos da colheita de soja, provenientes do mecanismo de limpeza da colhedora, constituído principalmente pela palha dos legumes (palhiço), eis que as demais partes das plantas (hastes) continuam sendo depositadas no solo. A concepção do equipamento foi realizada utilizando a metodologia projetual proposta no modelo de referência para o processo de desenvolvimento de máquinas agrícolas. O equipamento foi projetado e construído seguindo a metodologia proposta, instalado e colocado em funcionamento em uma colhedora John Deere 1165, após os testes iniciais, e alguns ajustes, apresentando desempenho satisfatório na coleta do palhiço. O equipamento desenvolvido consiste em um transportador helicoidal montado transversalmente à colhedora e de um ventilador centrífugo instalado na lateral. O palhiço coletado é transferido para uma carreta agrícola, rebocada por trator.

ABSTRACT Soy harvest matches seasons with shortage of dry matter supply for ruminant feeding in most Brazilian soy-growing areas. Agricultural machinery-producing companies must have market perception, observing new opportunities and developing equipment to meet costumers’ needs. This paper aims to design, build, and test a device to collect soybean crop residues from the combine cleaning mechanism, consisting mainly of vegetable straw (chaff), and the other plant parts (stems) remain being deposited onto the ground. For equipment designing, we made use of the architectural design methodology proposed in the reference model for the agricultural machinery development process. The equipment was designed and built following the proposed methodology, then installed and put into operation in a John Deere 1165 combine. After initial testing and few adjustments, the device showed satisfactory chaff-collecting performance. The equipment consists of a screw conveyor assembled transversely to the combine and a centrifugal fan assembled on the side. The collected chaff is dumped into a trailer towed by tractor.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar testes utilizados para indicar o vigor de sementes de soja, e estabelecer um modelo que relacione os testes de vigor propostos até o momento com a emergência das plântulas em campo. Foram utilizadas cinco cultivares de soja as quais foram submetidas aos seguintes testes de vigor: germinação, emergência em areia, hipoclorito de sódio, envelhecimento acelerado, deterioração controlada, teste de frio, crescimento de plântulas (comprimento da plântula e peso de matéria seca da plântula), condutividade elétrica, tetrazólio, porcentagem de emergência e comprimento das plântulas no campo e massa seca de plântula. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Concluiu-se que os testes de envelhecimento acelerado, deterioração controlada e tetrazólio demonstraram mais eficiência quanto a distinguir a diferença de vigor entre as cultivares. O modelo de regressão contemplou a velocidade de emergência em areia, o índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) e o índice de velocidade de emergência em areia, como as variáveis que melhor se relacionam com a emergência em campo.

The objective of this study was to compare tests used to identify vigor in soybean seeds and to establish a model that relates the seeds' vigor, as determined in the laboratory, with field emergence. Five soybean cultivars were evaluated based on their germination, sand emergence, immersion in sodium hypochlorite, accelerated aging, controlled deterioration, cold test, seedling growth, electrical conductivity, tetrazolium, emergence percentage, seedling length in the field and seedling dry weight. The experimental design was completely randomized and means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability. Assays for accelerated aging, controlled deterioration and tetrazolium showed the closest correlation to field emergence. The regression model included the sand emergence speed, germination speed index and index of sand emergence speed as the variables that best correlated with field emergence.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação aérea e terrestre de fungicida no controle de doenças do milho e na deposição de calda sobre a cultura. Realizou-se a semeadura do híbrido AG7010, avaliando-se após a aplicação do fungicida (piraclostrobina + epoxiconazol), no estádio fenológico V8 a V10, a deposição de calda na parte inferior, média e superior do dossel da cultura, a severidade de doenças e a produtividade. A aplicação aérea foi realizada com volumes de calda de 15 e 30 L ha-1, empregando pontas de jato plano, e a aplicação terrestre com 100 L ha-1, empregando pontas de jato plano defletor com indução de ar e pontas de jato plano defletor duplo. Como testemunha foi utilizado um tratamento sem o recebimento de fungicida. O estudo da deposição foi realizado com o emprego de papéis hidrossensíveis. Concluiu-se que os tratamentos terrestres apresentaram maior densidade de gotas no dossel da cultura do milho, mas todos os tratamentos proporcionaram a deposição mínima recomendada para aplicação de fungicida. A aplicação aérea empregando volume de calda de 30 L ha-1 proporcionou produtividade semelhante aos tratamentos terrestres, mostrando ser viável tecnicamente sua utilização.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the aerial and ground application of fungicide in the control of corn diseases and in the spray deposition on the canopy. The hybrid AG7010 was sown and the spray deposition on the bottom, middle and upper canopy of the crop, disease severity and yield were evaluated after the application of the fungicide (pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazol), at the V8 -V10 stage. The aerial application was accomplished with spray volumes of 15 and 30 L ha-1, using flat-fan spray nozzles, and the ground one with 100 L ha-1, using turbo twin flat-fan and air induction turbo flat-fan spray nozzles. An additional treatment that received no fungicide was also evaluated. The study of the deposition was achieved using water sensitive papers. It was concluded that that the conventional treatments presented larger droplet density in the corn canopy; however all of the treatments provided the minimum deposition recommended for fungicide application. The aerial application using spray volume of 30 L ha-1 provided similar yield to the conventional treatments, showing to be technically feasible to use.